<p>Cerro Chascon-Runtu Jarita is a complex of lava domes located inside, but probably unrelated to, the Pastos Grandes caldera. It is part of the more recent phase of activity of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex.</p><br>
<p>Accompanied with little explosive activity on the main dome Cerro Chascon, it contains ten lava domes arranged in a chain. Located in the floor of the Pastos Grandes caldera, these domes were erupted after injection of mafic magmas in the deep less than 100,000 years ago. The largest dome has a volume of 5 km3.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The complex is a chain of seven lava domes named Runtu Jarita whose largest member is named Cerro Chascon. This chain is comparable with the Mono-Inyo craters in the United States. Together with other lava domes like Cerro Chao this complex is part of the young surface expression of the APVC and may indicate the future location of a caldera.</p><br>
<h3>Origins</h3><br>
<p>The lava domes are contained within the moat and floor of the Pastos Grandes caldera, but it may not be part of that caldera complex proper. The lava dome complex is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex, an igneous province located in the Central Andes. During the Late Miocene-Pleistocene, large ignimbrite eruptions took place covering an area of 70,000 km&sup2; triggered by the formation of melts deep in the crust and their subsequent rise to the upper crust.</p><br>
<p>Geochemical analysis led de Silva (1994) to suggest that they may be the latest eruptive cycle of the APVC, either as part of a reactivation or waning of that system. Pastos Grandes is the source of two major ignimbrites, the 8.1 mya Sifon and the 5.3 mya Chuhuilla ignimbrite, as well as the 3.1 mya Cerro Juvina ignimbrite shield on the northern caldera flank. The eruption of this complex may have been formed by a dyke.</p><br>
<h3>Structure</h3><br>
<p>The volcanic complex extends from {{coord|21|53|S|67|54|W}} to {{coord|22|02|S|67|49|W}} with base altitudes 4,600 -. The complex is split into a northern group encompassing Cerro Chascon and three other domes (named Cerro Guichi, Morro Chascoso and Pabelloncita Loma), and a southern group of six domes. Their orientation in northwestward direction is consistent with the regional trends but may also be influenced by the Pastos Grandes caldera structure. The arid climate of the area has impeded erosion in the area, leaving the volcanic complex relatively unaltered.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Chascon is formed from a cicle of lava flow lobes with a central plug with a diameter of 200 m. Explosive activity occurred before the dome formation and generated a 1 m thick pumice deposit composed from rhyolitic obsidian beneath the dome. The lava dome has a volume of 5 km3 with a maximum altitude of 5,190 m. Its surface is covered by mounds (20 m high) of presumably diapiric origin, with sand trails eroded from the mounds separating them.</p><br>
<p>Morro Chascoso and Pabelloncita Loma are cone shaped domes with blocky slopes with talus and central depressions. The much smaller Cerro Guichi (6 m high and 25 m long) may be an exposed intrusion, considering that it lacks any indication of surface flow. The two southernmost domes of the southern group have similar shapes to Chascoso and Pabelloncita. However the second southernmost dome is accompanied with an andesitic lava flow. The rest of the domes contain a silicic core with surrounding andesitic flows. The domes become less andesitic towards the north.</p><br>
<h3>Petrology</h3><br>
<p>The lavas of this complex are of potassium-rich calc-alkaline origin, and are highly viscous with large difference between two magma types. The lava domes are formed from andesite in the south and dacite in the north. The dacites are crystal rich and some lavas show evidence of magma mixing. Phenocryst contents ranges from 35% by volume in dacite and 48% by volume of rhyolite. In the northern group these are primarily composed from feldspar with minor components of amphibole, biotite and quartz. The southern group rocks have similar petrologies, but are of rhyolitic composition and contain mafic components. They contain a rhyolitic core surrounded with andesitic lavas that contains primarily plagioclase phenocrysts. Temperatures of 926 - for dacitic lava and 625 - for rhyolite lava have been estimated.</p><br>
<p>Petrology indicates that the andesitic lavas of the southern domes are derived from the more silicic magmas by addition of more mafic andeistes. Conversely, the northern dome magmas formed by fractional crystallization with the most evolved components being erupted explosively.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic history</h3><br>
<p>The lava domes were erupted between 89,000-94,000 years ago. In Runtu Jarita, Argon-argon dating on sanidine has yielded ages of 88,000±4,000 to 97,000±2,000 BP. The eruption may have been caused by the injection of mafic magmas in the magmatic system. Presumably, the magmas were in the process of forming a pluton when the injection of new magmas led to eruption. The eruptions of Chascon initially were phreatomagmatic and influenced by local lakewaters. In the southern domes, some time occurred between the formation of the andesitic magmas by mixing and the eruption. Both andesitic and rhyolitic magmas were simultaneously extruded.</p><br>
<p>Kinnitty Cross is a high cross and National Monument located near Kinnitty, County Offaly, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Kinnitty Cross is in the grounds of Castle Bernard, built on the west bank of the River Camcor, about 1.5 km (1 mile) east of Kinnitty village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Saint Finnian of Clonard (470–549) built a monastery on the site, and the high cross is associated with this monastery.</p><br>
<p>Local legend claims that the cross was erected by a St. Colman to commemorate the conversion of his father, Óengus mac Nad Froích (430–489), by Saint Patrick. The cross was covered with carvings in the 9th century by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid (d. 862), High King of Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The cross is made of sandstone (not of local origin) and stands 2.4 m high.</p><br>
<p>The head of the cross is damaged and largely missing. The rest of the cross contains numerous richly decorated panels of Biblical scenes, such as the Crucifixion of Jesus, David playing the lyre, and Eve handing the apple to Adam. A weathered inscription attributes the cross to Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid, King of Tara from 846-862AD.</p><br>
<p>The Hotel Wapello is a historic building located in Wapello, Iowa. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001 as Commercial Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The hotel opened in 1906 as the Commercial Hotel. It is actually a combination of two buildings. The older section is at the end of the building in the middle of the block. It was built as a school in 1853 and served that purpose until 1879. In 1887 the second floor became the law office of F. W. Tatlock, and he rented out the first floor. Gus Tiemeyer bought the building in 1901 and operated a livery stable, which was located on the corner where the newer section of the building stands. Wapello had one good hotel and the Traveling Man&#39;s Hotel served that purpose until it was destroyed in a fire in 1905. Wapello architect and contractor H. O. Pease designed the hotel wing. It, like the older school building, is two-stories tall. The two buildings are joined with a door into the hallway of the hotel wing. The hotel wing is a L-shaped frame structure covered with a brick veneer and capped with a hip roof. It originally had a wraparound porch on the first floor. It was replaced with the present two-story porch, possibly in the late 1930s. The inside originally housed 21 sleeping rooms, a lobby, office, dining room, kitchen, pantry, store room, laundry and sample room. It was subsequently converted into 12 sleeping rooms, each with their own bathroom. The former dining room and kitchen area were converted into an apartment.</p><br>
<p>County Line Bridge is a historic structure located in a rural area west of Columbus Junction, Iowa, United States. The Louisa County Board of Supervisors approved the petition of Thomas Anwyl in April 1893 to build a bridge over Long Creek on the Louisa-Washington county line. They awarded a $1,174 contract to the Gillette-Herzog Manufacturing Company of Minneapolis to build two bridges. The second span was the Gipples Quarry Bridge over Buffington Creek in Elm Grove Township. The bridge span is supported by cast iron columns that were manufactured by the Cast Iron Pile and Bridge Company of Keosauqua, Iowa. The steel components were rolled by Carnegie, Gillette-Herzog in Pittsburgh. The pony truss bridge is typical of those built in the same era in Iowa, however, like Gipples Quarry Bridge it has an unusual lower chord configuration with end panels that slope downward from the bearing shoes to the center panels. It has subsequently been abandoned. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Gipple&#39;s Quarry Bridge is a historic structure located in a rural area southwest of Columbus Junction, Iowa, United States. The Louisa County Board of Supervisors approved the petition of T.J. Gipple in April 1893 to replace a timber pile bridge over Buffington Creek, which was near his stone quarry. They awarded a $1,174 contract to the Gillette-Herzog Manufacturing Company of Minneapolis to build two bridges. The second span was the County Line Bridge over Long Creek in Columbus Township. The bridge span is supported by stone masonry abutments and piers. The steel components of the bridge were rolled by Carnegie, Gillette-Herzog in Pittsburgh. The pony truss bridge is typical of those built in the same era in Iowa, however, like County Line Bridge it has an unusual lower chord configuration with end panels that slope downward from the bearing shoes to the center panels. It has subsequently been abandoned. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The First Lutheran Church is a historic church building at 1700 Central Avenue in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It is a single story structure with a stuccoed exterior and a long gabled roof. Its main facade, facing east, has a centered entrance set in a stepped back rounded arch, with flanking windows that have ornamental ironwork on the outside. An open belltower rises at the peak of the gable above the entrance. Built in 1937 to a design by St. Louis architect Carl T. Schloemann, it is a distinctive late example of Mission Revival architecture in the city. The Lutheran congregation for which it was built was established in 1915; the building was sold into private ownership in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Community Building, also known as Columbus Junction School 1882-1920, is a historic building located in Columbus Junction, Iowa, United States. It houses the Columbus Community Heritage Museum, and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed as a school and served the function from 1882 to 1920. After being renovated by the Works Progress Administration it served as a gathering place for various community functions. The building was damaged in a fire in the 1960s and the first floor was restored to serve as a library and meeting room. Subsequently the building has been renovated into a community history museum. The two-story brick structure is basically a large block with a wing on the south side. The entire structure is capped with a hip roof. The Vernacular style building features a prominent belfry, which is a reconstruction. The building&#39;s brick exterior appears to be a better quality than what was generally manufactured in Columbus Junction so it is assumed it was imported from somewhere else.</p><br>
<p>Florence-Council On The Iowa Site is a former town site and Native American village site located near Oakville, Iowa, United States in Louisa County. The site has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1978.</p><br>
<p>Florence was a settlement along the Iowa River that existed from 1836 to 1846. Prior to that, it was the village site of the Sauk people and home to Black Hawk and Keokuk, who debated here retaking the tribal lands in Illinois. It was at this place where the followers of Black Hawk rallied before they crossed into Illinois to reclaim their lands, which led to the Black Hawk War of 1832. In the treaty that followed the hostilities, the area was known as "Keokuk&#39;s Principal Village." Florence developed after the Native Americans left the area in 1836. There is no record of the village having ever been platted, but it did contain a tavern, at least one retail establishment and a ferry service. A post office was established on July 5, 1839 with John Deihl, a merchant, as postmaster. It was discontinued on February 11, 1846.</p><br>
<p>The Glen Ridge Historic District is a historic district in Glen Ridge in Essex County, New Jersey, United States, originally listed in the New Jersey Register of Historic Places  in 1980 and the National Register of Historic Places  in 1982 and later expanded in two boundary increases. It includes the Glen Ridge and the Benson Street train stations.</p><br>
<h2>Listings</h2><br>
<h3>Original</h3><br>
<p>The first listing in the NJRHP on October 3, 1980 (#1087) and in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on August 9, 1982 (#82004784) included parts Ridgewood, Bloomfield, Midland, Maolis, Linden, Hawthorne, Hillside, Park, Essex, Bay, Woodland, Glen Ridge, Highland, Belleville, Sherman and Forest Avenues; Baldwin, Bay, Argyle, Herman, Washington, Lincoln, Summit, Clark, High, Thomas, Benson, & Osborne Streets; Clinton, Edgewood, Appleton, Douglas, Hamilton, Hillcrest, & Old Oak Roads; Astor, Chestnut Hill, Windsor, Appleton, Snowden, Darwin, Hathaway, Laurel, Marston, Outlook, & Washington Place; Mead and Wildwood Terraces; Wells, Rudd.</p><br>
<h3>Boundary increase</h3><br>
<p>The first boundary increase was added to the NJRHP (#1088) on February 8, 1988, and to the NRHP (#88002155) on November 11, 1988, and includes parts of Bay, Columbus, Forest, Hawthorne, Linden, Midland, Ridgewood & Sherman Avenues Glen Ridge Parkway; Adams, Avon, Chapman, Inness, Mitchell, & Stanford Places; Ardsley, Cambridge, Spencer, & Tuxedo roads; Carteret, Dodd, Lorraine, Madison, Oxford, Steeple, and Washington Streets; Ferncliff and Roswell Terraces.</p><br>
<h3>Boundary increase #2</h3><br>
<p>The second boundary increase, added to the NJRHP (#5259) on March 20, 2013 and to the NRHP (#13000480), radiates to the north and south of Ridgewood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Beti Jai fronton is a sport venue located in Madrid, Spain, currently in ruins.</p><br>
<p>Located at 7 Marquis of Riscal St., the building (in Neo-Mudéjar style) dates from 1893 and it was opened in 1894. The last game was played in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Currently in ruins, the venue is the last surviving 19th century Basque pelota fronton in Madrid.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fronton was begun to be built in 1893, with a budget of approximately 500 000 pesetas. It is due to a design by architect Joaquín Rucoba (1844-1919), author of the Plaza de toros de La Malagueta, the Mercado de Atarazanas and park in Málaga, and the City Hall of Bilbao, among other works. It was the fourth infrastructure of these open features in Madrid at the end of the 19th century, in a time when the sport of Basque pelota reached a remarkable popularity in the Spanish capital. It was preceded, in this order, the frontons Jai Alai (1891), Fiesta Alegre and Euskal Jai.</p><br>
<p>It was opened on April 29 of 1894 (other sources indicate the May 29 of the same year) and it was in operation until the year 1919. With the Civil War during Siege of Madrid its facilities were converted into police station, and during the early years of the Francoist dictatorship, served as a test site for musical bands linked to the Spanish Falange. In the middle of 20th century, was sold the auto company Citroën, who used it as a repair shop.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 was bought for 2.3 million euros by the Basque company Jai Alai Fronton, initially intended its recovery for sport use. Subsequently, the property was taken over by the company Aguirene.</p><br>
<p>The January 27 of 2011 was declared Bien de Interés Cultural by the Community of Madrid.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 the City Council of Madrid began a process of expropriation, completed in the year 2015, and paying for it the amount of 7 million euros.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Beti Jai Fronton is located at number 7 of the Calle del Marqués de Riscal, very nearby of the Paseo de la Castellana, in the Madrilenian district of Chamberí. It occupies a plot of 3609 m² and the built area reaches 10 800m². It is made in different styles, including most notably the Eclectic of the main facade, the Neo-Mudéjar present in some parts of the interior and the Cast-iron architecture characteristic of the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Its core it comprises an outdoors field, 67 m long, 20 m wide and 11 m high. Around the same it extend the stands, that around the track in its eastern and southern sides, drawing a plant semi-elliptical.</p><br>
<p>The grandstand has a capacity for 4000 people and is divided into four floors, closed at the inside by balconies with railings interconnected via stairs of wood. It is supported by a network of columns and beams of wrought iron, some of them curved to give inclination to the stands, and has wooden deck. On the roofs are preserved remains of frescoes.</p><br>
<p>On the western side rises a Neo-Mudéjar curved wall.</p><br>
<h2>Homonyms frontones</h2><br>
<p>There have been other frontones also called Beti Jai in Barcelona, San Sebastián and Logroño. the San Sebastianan was subsequently the Teatro Circo and disappeared with a fire occurred in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The William M. Nash House is a historic house on River Road in Cherryfield, Maine. It is a multiply-altered and renovated structure, now presented as an elaborately decorated 1888 Second Empire house. This design was one of Cherryfield native William A. Allen&#39;s most imaginative designs. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and is a contributing property to the Cherryfield Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nash House is set at the junction of River Road and School Street on the west side of the Narraguagus River, opposite the central portion of Cherryfield village. It is a large and rambling 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor. Its front facade is three bays wide, with a three-story hip-roofed tower projecting from the center. A single-story porch extends across the front, with turned posts and a modillioned entablature. A balcony projects from the front of the tower on the second level.</p><br>
<p>The earliest date of construction of surviving portions of this house are not known. It was originally a 1-1/2 story Cape style house, which was converted by James Moore into a Greek Revival structure with a classical temple front. Moore son-in-law, William Nash, inherited that house, and retained local architect William Allen to update it in 1888 to the Second Empire style. It is not known if any portion of the original Cape survived both transformations of the house. Of Allen&#39;s works (which are predominantly to be seen elsewhere in Cherryfield), it is the most elaborate known.</p><br>
<p>The Friends School is a historic schoolhouse in the village center of Casco, Maine. Built in 1849, it is a well-preserved example of a 19th-century one-room schoolhouse. Now a museum operated by the local historical society, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. It is located behind the town office building on Maine State Route 121.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Friends School is located in the village center of Casco, on the west side of Meadow Road (SR 121), behind the town offices and library, between the municipal parking lot and a tennis court. It is a small single-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding, and is set on concrete piers. The front facade has a single doorway on the far right, and a sash window on the far left, with a now-covered window-sized opening in the gable. The sides have three windows each. The interior has a small vestibule, which spans the building width, and a single classroom, finished in wainscoting below, and plaster on lath above.</p><br>
<p>The school was built in 1849, and was originally locate on Quaker Ridge Road, near the towns Quaker meeting house. It served the towns fourth district until the schools were consolidated in 1942. After passing through a number of private hands, it was given to the town, and moved to its present location in 1971. It is now maintained by the local historical society as a museum property.</p><br>
<p>The Grafton District Schoolhouse No. 2, also known locally as the Old Fire Station, is a historic civic building at 217 Main Street in Grafton, Vermont. Built about 1835, it has served as a school, fire station, Masonic hall, tin shop, undertaker&#39;s shop, and as the clubhouse of a local brass band. Despite some alteration, it is a well-preserved example of a mid-19th century Greek Revival schoolhouse. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Graftion District Schoolhouse No. 2 is located on the east side of Grafton village, on the north side of Main Street (Vermont Route 121), just west of its junction with Chester Road (Vermont Route 35). It stands east of the Grafton Post Office, and across the street from the public library, both individually listed on the National Register. The schoolhouse is a two-story wood frame structure, with a front-facing gable roof, clapboard siding, and a fieldstone foundation. The building corners are pilasters, supporting an entablature that encircles the building, and the gable is fully pedimented. The front facade is symmetrical, with two 20th-century overhead doors on the ground floor, and two sash windows above. The side elevations are four bays deep, and there is a pedestrian entrance in the leftmost bay on the right side.</p><br>
<p>The buildings construction date is unknown, and is assumed to be in the 1830s or 1840s based on its Greek Revival character. It is possible that the buildings second story is in fact an older (c. 1811) structure, based on architectural evidence. It was used as a school until 1867, after which time it saw a variety of commercial and civic uses, notably as a Masonic lodge, undertakers shop, and tin shop. In 1922 the Grafton Cornet Band took over the upper level, which it continues to use today. The ground floor was converted into a fire station in 1939, at which time most of the original interior was lost, as were the original entry doors on the main facade. It housed the towns main fire station until 1992, and the ground floor is again used as a retail space. The building is owned and maintained by a local preservation group.</p><br>
<p>The Heritage Hill Historic District is primarily a residential area north of downtown Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. The historic district is primarily a residential neighborhood on the hill north of the central business district. Several churches act as a buffer and provide a transition from the residential area and the commercial areas in the valley. At the time of its nomination there were 141 structures in the district. The breakdown of their uses at that time included: 113 residences, 10 churches or religious use facilities, 7 public or government buildings, and 11 commercial structures. The district also includes North Hill Park, which has been in continuous use since the city was founded in 1836 and is one of the two oldest city parks in Burlington.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>Burlington Public Library</p><br>
<p>Christ Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>First Congregational Church</p><br>
<p>German Methodist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Catholic Church</p><br>
<p>Snake Alley</p><br>
<p>Snake Alley Historic District</p><br>
<p>The Wardens House Museum is a historic house museum in Stillwater, Minnesota, United States. From 1853 to 1914 it was the official residence for the wardens of the Minnesota Territorial Prison, which became the Minnesota State Prison upon statehood in 1858. The Washington County Historical Society has operated the house since 1941, making it the second-oldest house museum in Minnesota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974 as the Minnesota Territorial/State Prison Wardens House for having state-level significance in the themes of architecture and social history. It was nominated for being the only surviving structure of the prison&#39;s Minnesota Territory period and the chief remnant of its statehood years.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Wardens House is a two-story building constructed of local limestone. The house is oriented broadside to the east, with a shallow pitched roof and low gables on the north and south end. Architecturally it conveys an early Greek Revival style but with Federal influences. Wood-frame additions were added to the rear in 1870. The house originally had a full-width balcony along the front, which was replaced in 1910 with a two-story porch topped with a gable. Since the buildings 1974 National Register nomination, this porch has been replaced with a smaller balcony-topped porch hugging the main entrance.</p><br>
<p>There was originally a two-story frame carriage house behind the main house, but it was demolished around the time the prison ceased operation in 1914.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Warden&#39;s House was part of the original construction for the Minnesota Territorial Prison. It stood outside the walls on a bluff overlooking the prison complex, which was located immediately to the north within a ravine. The prison was in operation for 61 years, from 1853 to 1914. In that time 13 successive wardens resided in the house, serving terms as short as five months to as long as 20 years. The first two wardens were appointed by the territorial legislature, then, for the first 40 years of statehood, by the Governor of Minnesota with State Senate confirmation. In 1889, to quell political favoritism in the choices, legislation assigned the selection of wardens to a five-person board of managers.</p><br>
<p>The original prison complex closed in 1914 upon the completion of a new Minnesota State Prison just south of Stillwater in Bayport. The Wardens House then served as quarters for lesser officials like deputy wardens and superintendents. Most of the prison complex was demolished in 1936. The Wardens House was preserved and transferred to the Washington County Historical Society in 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Warden&#39;s House Museum consists of 14 rooms, which have been restored to late-19th and early-20th-century style. Some depict how the house would have looked during its occupancy by various wardens, while others contain exhibits on Washington County history.</p><br>
<p>The Mortland Family Farm is a historic farmstead on Mortland Road in Searsport, Maine. Begun in 1834 and altered and enlarged until about 1950, it is a well-preserved example of a New England connected farmstead, a property type that has become increasingly rare in Maine. The farm, at 16.3 acre a fraction of its greatest extent, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mortland Family Farm is located in rural inland Searsport, on the east side of Mortland Road. Surviving elements of the farmstead include the 1834 Greek Revival stone Cape style farmhouse, two 19th-century barns, and wood-frame ells joining the elements. A modern (1950s) dairy shed is attached to one of the barns, and the 16.3 acre also includes a cellar hole believed to be the site of the first house on the property. The property includes two meadows, formerly in agricultural use, and a remnant apple orchard.</p><br>
<p>The property was first settled in the 1820s by the family of Samuel Mortland, an Irish immigrant, who at first lived in a crude log structure. In 1834 he built the surviving rubblestone Cape. The property was owned by five generations of Mortlands, and was sold out of the family in 1985. At its greatest extent, the farm in the 1850s consisted of more than 68 acre of land, and it is during the 1860s that the house was enlarged. The barns were added in the 1890s, one of them built with materials salvaged from a nearby older barn. In the 20th century the farm was primarily as a dairy operation.</p><br>
<p>The Clonfinlough Stone is a piece of rock art and National Monument located near Kinnitty, County Offaly, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The carved stone at Clonfinlough is located on the southern slope of the western end of Esker Hill, about 4 km (2½ miles) east of Clonmacnoise, south of Mongan Bog and on the east bank of the River Shannon.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The carvings on the stone are believed to date back to the Bronze Age (2500–500 BC). A settlement excavated nearby consisted of a large palisaded enclosure containing circular houses.</p><br>
<p>However, recent studies have noted the similarity between the carvings and some found in Galicia, Spain. Clonmacnoise was connected into the medieval pilgrimage Camino de Santiago. This stone may have therefore been a stopping point for traveling pilgrims, and so suggests that the carvings, or some of them, could be by Christian pilgrims in the 13th–14th century.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The stone is a glacial erratic of Carboniferous Limestone and lies flat on the ground, measures 3 m by 2.45 m by 0.75 m and weighs about 14 tonnes. Marks incised in it include crosses, cup-marks, the "split-year sign" (a circle divided in two), the letters DOD, and three impressions of feet.</p><br>
<p>The Edmund E. Goodwin House is a historic house at 503 Main Street in Sanford, Maine. It was built in 1899 for Edmund Goodwin, a prominent local businessman, and is a well-preserved example of Queen Anne Victorian architecture. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. It is owned by the Sanford Historical Society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Goodwin House is located in Sanford&#39;s Springvale village, on the west side of Main Street (Maine State Route 109) next to the Sanford-Springvale Historic Museum, located in the former Sanford Town Hall. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, finished with a combination of clapboard siding and decorative cut shingles. It is two bays wide, with a two-story projecting rectangular bay on the left and an entrance porch on the right, supported by turned posts. A second porch extends along the left side, with similar decorative elements, up to a side projecting section. A series of ells connect the main house to a period carriage barn. The interior retains many original finishes, hardware, cabinets, and woodwork. Surviving features include original wallpaper, light fixtures, and coal chute and bins in the basement.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1899 for Edmund Goodwin, a prominent local merchant and manufacturer then late in his life. Goodwin was also a civic benfactor, funding construction of the adjacent town hall. The house remained in his family until it was sold to the historical society in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Odd Fellows Opera Block is a historic theatre located at the southwestern corner of the intersection of Main and Mechanic Streets in Ellisville, Illinois. The Spoon River #78 Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows built the opera house in 1891. The opera house was one of many theatres built in small rural communities in the late 19th century as improved transportation and local wealth allowed these communities to have entertainment options previously reserved for larger cities. As Ellisville had well below 1000 residents and no railroad, most of the theatres shows were locally produced, though it was occasionally able to attract regional touring companies. As the communitys largest auditorium, the theatre also hosted other community events such as public meetings, benefit fairs and dances, and church services.</p><br>
<p>The opera house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1996.</p><br>
<p>Ngondoma River is a river in Zhombe Communal Land, Kwekwe District in the Midlands province of Zimbabwe.Getamap.net</p><br>
<p>Retrieved 28 November 2015</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Ngondoma River is in the Midlands Province, although some claim it to be in Mashonaland West Province. Rivers are usually identified at their mouths, and the place where Ngondoma River flows into Munyati River is indeed Mashonaland. Munyati River serves as a border of the two, set several metres on the Midlands side. Just before its confluence with Munyati River, it passes over Mabura Caves, a bat guano mine in Somapani area of Zhombe.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>Ngondoma River rises in the northwest of Zhombe in what was known as Ngondoma Crown Land,</p><br>
<p>However, the main drainage basin is the Mapfungautsi Forest on the Gokwe side of the river.</p><br>
<p>It flows east and then northeast,</p><br>
<p>where it forms part of the border with Gokwe, before entering the Munyati River.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>The main tributaries of Ngondoma River are</p><br>
<p>Ufafi River 18.5917&deg;S latitude, 31.2698&deg;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Mavulamachena River</p><br>
<p>Chebechebe River</p><br>
<p>Nevada River</p><br>
<p>Chevecheve River</p><br>
<p>Chikombera River 18.48629951&deg;S latitude, 29.398599625&deg;E longitude</p><br>
<h2>Ngondoma Dam</h2><br>
<p>In 1967, the Ngondoma Dam was constructed on the river 67 km northwest of Kwekwe and 54 km southwest of Kadoma (by air).</p><br>
<p>The dam holds more than 7 million cubic metres of water. It supplies the government managed Ngondoma Irrigation Scheme 900 000 cubic metres of water per year by a 5.8 km gravity driven concrete lined canal.Jamesm</p><br>
<p>10.1.1.196.2228.pdf Chapter 9.4.1.2.</p><br>
<h2>Bridges</h2><br>
<p>Ngondoma River has two busy bridges. The larger one is across the Kwekwe-Gokwe Highway near Fafi School and the other one is on the Gokwe-Empress Road about 2 km down stream from the Ngondoma Dam.</p><br>
<p>The Cascade Bridge is a historic structure located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. In April 1896 the Burlington City Council approved a proposal to have city engineer S.D. Eaton advertise for plans and estimates for a bridge on Main Street that would span Cascade Ravine. The Cascade Lumber Company had petitioned for the bridge. The city contracted with the Cedar Rapids, Iowa firm of Boynton & Warriner to design the structure and the Milwaukee Bridge and Iron Works to erect the span. The city was responsible for building the concrete substructure. The bridge was completed in the fall of 1896, and is composed of four spans. The span length is 160 ft, and its total length is 464 ft. The span is a Baltimore deck truss bridge with Pratt deck trusses at both ends. The structure is supported by stone and concrete abutments with concrete pedestals and a single concrete-filled steel cylinder pier. Over the years the original deck has been replaced, and concrete has been applied to the stone abutments. Otherwise the structure has been unaltered. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was closed to vehicular traffic in 2008 and as of 2017 has not reopened. The bridge remains open to pedestrian and bike traffic.</p><br>
<p>Karitsa  is a village and a community of the Agia municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform it was a part of the municipality of Evrymenes.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The community of Palaiopyrgos consists of three separate settlements:</p><br>
<p>Agia Paraskevi (population 2)</p><br>
<p>Karitsa (population 436)</p><br>
<p>Kokkino Nero (population 95)</p><br>
<p>Plateia Ammos (population 3)</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The village is located on the eastern slopes of Mount Ossa overseeing the Aegean Sea.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>According to the 2011 census, the population of the settlement of Karitsa was 436 people, a decrease of almost 17% compared with the population of the previous census of 2001.</p><br>
<p>Crescent Spire is a peak in the Purcell Mountains of the Columbia Mountains in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Crescent Spire was named in 1933 by James Monroe Thorington because he was impressed with its shape.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>West Ridge 5.4 / 180m</p><br>
<p>WIMTA 5.10- / 5 pitches</p><br>
<p>Clean and Dirty 5.10 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Paddle Flake Direct 5.10 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Paddle Flake 5.10 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Left Dihedral 5.11 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Westside Story 5.11 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Roof McTech 5.10+ / 2 pitches</p><br>
<p>Energy Crisis 5.11+ / 2 pitches</p><br>
<p>McTech Arete 5.10- / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Mc Tech Direct 5.10 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Woza Moya / 5.10- / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Dunlop&#39;s Dangle 5.10- / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Surprisingly Subsevere 5.10 / 6 pitches</p><br>
<p>Northeast Ridge 5.6 / 300m</p><br>
<p>Lygourio or Ligourio is a Greek small town located about the middle of Argolis prefecture. It is built at the foot of Arachnaion Mountain at a height of 370 meters, near the Ancient Theatre of Epidavros. Its population is 2482 inhabitants according to 2011 census. Lygourio is the seat of Epidavros municipality and Asklipieio municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The origin of the name Lygourio is unknown and there are only conjectures. In antiquity, in this place there was the ancient city Lessa which was referred by Pausanias. The name Lygourio is mentioned for first time during 14th century and again during 15th century in Venetian document. The village is believed to have changed its place during early 18th century. For this reason, documents of this period mention to another village with name Paleo Ligourio (old Lygourio). Nowadays, Lygourio is the seat of Epidavros municipality. Its economy based in agriculture and tourism. Every summer during Athens-Epidaurus Festival, a lot of tourist visit Lygourio to attend a theatre performance.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>Asklipieio of Epidaurus, ancient sanctuary devoted to Asclepius that includes the famous ancient Theatre of Epidaurus.</p><br>
<p>Arkadiko bridge, ancient bridge of Mycenean period, few Km away from Lygourio.</p><br>
<p>Lygourio pyramid, ruins of an ancient pyramid near the village.</p><br>
<p>Temple of Agios Ioannis Eleimon, Byzantine temple, near the village.</p><br>
<p>Natural History Museum, Lygourio, an important natural history museum in Greece.</p><br>
<p>The Gorham Campus Historic District encompasses seven buildings that make up the historic heart of the campus of the University of Southern Maine in Gorham, Maine. Built between 1806 and 1931, they reflect the varied academic history of the campus, and were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Gorham Academy was chartered in 1803, and opened its doors in 1806 in the Academy Building as a boys school. Female students were admitted the following year. In 1838 the male and female schools were formally separated, creating the Gorham Female Seminary. In 1847 the school was renamed the Gorham Academy and Teachers Institute, and in 1850 the boys school was closed. It was restarted in 1861, the two schools combining as the Gorham Seminary. It closed in 1877 due to an increase in the number of public high schools. In 1878 the state opened a normal school on the former academy campus, which has, through a variety of name changes, become the University of Southern Maine.</p><br>
<p>The historic portion of the campus consists of seven buildings, two of them now conjoined, along the southern portion of University Way, one of the main access roads through the campus. Near its southern end at College Avenue stands the Art Gallery, an 1822 building that was originally a non-denominational church, and also served for a time as Gorhams town hall. To its right stands the Presidents Residence, a 1906 Queen Anne Victorian. North of these buildings University Way bends right, with Russell Hall, a 1931 Tudor Revival building to the left, and the 1878 Gothic Revival Corthell Hall on the right. Beyond Corthell Hall to the east stand the conjoined Robie Hall and Andrews Hall, Gothic Revival buildings dating to 1898 and 1916 respectively. To their northeast, oriented facing toward School Street (Maine State Route 114) is the original Federal style wood frame Academy Building.</p><br>
<p>The Green River Covered Bridge is a covered bridge in western Guilford, Vermont. Built in the 1870s, it is a Town lattice truss bridge, carrying Green River Road over the eponymous river in a small rural village of the same name. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Green River Covered Bridge is located in far western Guilford, at the junction of Green River Road with the Jacksonville Stage Road. The bridge spans the Green River, a generally south-flowing tributary of the Deerfield and Connecticut Rivers. The bridge is 105 ft long, with a road width of 15 ft and a total width of 18.5 ft. It rests on dry-laid stone abutments that have been capped in concrete. The bridge trusses are built out of large planks to the patented design of Ithiel Town, and the bridge floor has been reinforced with laminated beams. The sides of the bridge are clad in vertical board siding, and the gabled ends of the bridge are finished in flushboard.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in the 1870s, and forms an important visual component of the village of Green River, which includes modestly scaled 19th century buildings, an old mill pond, and features unpaved roads and few modern intrusions. Because of its remote location it does not see the heavy traffic that has stressed other covered bridges in the state.</p><br>
<p>Woodward Hall, also known as the Stone House, Earl Woodard House, and "Woodhill," is a historic home located at Lake Luzerne in Warren County, New York. It was built in 1931-1932, and is a two-story, rectangular building, five bays wide and two bays deep, with Tudor Revival and Colonial Revival style design elements in a somewhat eclectic design. It has fieldstone walls and a cross-gable slate roof and sits on a poured concrete foundation. It has a small, two-bay garage attached to the main block. It was built for Earl Woodward , who reinvented Adirondack tourism in the Lake George region through the introduction of dude ranch style resorts during the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>Lake George Battlefield Park Historic District is a national historic district relating to the French and Indian War Battle of Lake George and located near Lake George in Warren County, New York. The parkland was purchased and developed by New York State between 1896 and 1965. It encompasses numerous significant archaeological sites related to a series of conflicts dated from about 1755 to 1814. The archaeological sites include those related to Fort George , earthen trenches , and barracks and hospitals dated to the 1750s. The historic districts also includes a number of plaques and monuments including those commemorating Henry Knox , the Bloody Morning Scout , and Fr. Isaac Jogues . Other contributing features relate to the property&#39;s development as a park and include the battlefield park and battlefield campground, Fort George Road, the Delaware and Hudson Railway right of way , the Dowling Farmhouse , and the maintenance complex .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Duvall–Ash Farmstead is a historic farm located northeast of Fiatt in Fulton County, Illinois. Edward Duvall built the farms oldest buildings, the house and smokehouse, circa 1848. Duvall gave the farmhouse a Gothic Revival design with multiple front-facing gables decorated with bargeboards and topped by finials. In the 1890s, Singleton K. Ash purchased and extensively renovated the farm. Ash placed a Victorian addition on the rear of the house which featured decorative stickwork and bracketing. In addition, Ash and his family built most of the farms current outbuildings, which include a chicken coop, barns, and storage sheds; these outbuildings form a complete collection of typical outbuildings from a 1890s farm.</p><br>
<p>The farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 12, 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Aiguilles de Bavella  are rocky spikes of red granite that dominate the hill of the same name. The name means needles of Bavella. At 1218 m, the hill connects the to the east coast of Corsica.</p><br>
<p>This massif is smaller yet much more popular than the "aiguilles de Popolasca". The site is characterized by jagged peaks, large rock walls and pine trees twisted by the wind.</p><br>
<p>Located in the centre of the "Massif de Bavella", are the seven "tours d&#39;Asinau," or towers of Asinau, the actual "needles". These are traditionally numbered from south to north:</p><br>
<p>Punta di lAcellu (Punta llAceddu, 1 588 m)</p><br>
<p>Punta di lAriettu (Punta llArghjetu, 1 591 m)</p><br>
<p>Punta di a Vacca (Punta lla Vacca, 1 611 m), the only tower accessible to a simple hiker</p><br>
<p>Punta di u Pargulu (Punta llu Pàrgulu, 1 785 m), separated from the previous towers by the Bocca di u Pargulu (1662 m), taken by the Alpine variant of the GR 20</p><br>
<p>Punta Longa (1836 m)</p><br>
<p>Punta Alta (1855 m), the highest</p><br>
<p>Punta Iolla (1848 m), separated from the Punta Alta by the Bocca di u Santu (1745 m)</p><br>
<p>The highest points of the Bavella massif stand a little to the north of the Needles with both Punta di u Furnellu (Punta llu Furneddu) and Punta Muvrareccia (A Mufrareccia) at 1899m. The massif is overshadowed by the highest peak in the region, (2134 m). It extends from the forest of Tova and the town of Solaro to the 1381m Monte Calva to the south, the edges of the Massif de l&#39;Ospedale, and almost to Conca and the sea in the east.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking trails</h2><br>
<p>From Mount Incudine to the Bavella Pass, the GR 20 footpath, after reaching the refuge of Asinau at 1536m, passes by the foot of the aiguilles de Bavella in the Rizzanese Valley (Asinau), but a so-called "alpine variant" route allows the towers of Bavella to be reached via the Bocca di u Pargulu (Bocca llu Pàrgulu, 1662 m).</p><br>
<p>After the Bavella pass, the path begins its descent towards Conca, via "Foce Finosa" (1206 m) and the i Paliri refuge (1055 m) at the foot of the Punta Tafunata (literally "Pierced Peak"), a 1312 m high mountain with a hole.</p><br>
<p>A statue of Notre-Dame-des-Neiges ("Our Lady of the Snows") stands at the pass, a few meters from the road, on top of a large mound of boulders. The is a famous creek with waterfalls and natural pools. The trail starts about 8 km from there on the D268 towards Sari-Solenzara.</p><br>
<p>The towns of Quenza, Zonza and Conca stand in a curve to the southwest of the Bavella Pass.</p><br>
<p>Hotel Burlington, now known as The Burlington Apartments, is a historic building located in the central business district of Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987. It was included as a contributing property in the Downtown Commercial Historic District in 2015.</p><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th-century Burlington had grown into a manufacturing town and a center for commercial travelers. In order to remain a leading commercial city in the state, the businessmen in the community saw a need for a quality hotel. They banded together and raised the $350,000 required for construction of the Hotel Burlington to serve the city&#39;s business, convention and tourist needs. Davenport architects Seth E. Temple and Parke T. Burrows designed the Renaissance Revival structure. It opened on February 6, 1911 with 125 guest rooms on seven floors. All of the rooms had telephones and running water, and most them had a private bath. An electric sign was placed on top of the building so that it was visible from the nearby train station. The hotel was so successful that the $100,000 east wing was added in 1923, and the top two floors were added in 1931 for about $300,000. In both instances the local businessmen funded the expansion. The hotel remained in operation with several different owners until 1980 when it went into receivership. The building was subsequently converted into an apartment building.</p><br>
<p>Mount Silliman is a mountain in California along the boundary between Sequoia National Park and Kings Canyon National Park The summit, at 11,193 ft is on the Sillman Crest, a part of the Kings-Kaweah Divide.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The peak was named by members of the Whitney Survey in honor of Benjamin Silliman, professor of chemistry at Yale College. William Brewer, the head of the survey, had studied agricultural chemistry under Silliman. Besides the mountain and crest, there are a pass, a creek, a meadow and a lake that bear the name Sillman.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent was by Clarence King, James Gardiner, Richard Cotter, and William Brewer on June 28, 1864.</p><br>
<h2>Climb</h2><br>
<p>The summit can be approached by way of the Twin Lakes trail from the Lodgepole Campground on the Generals Highway. From Sillman Pass traverse to the east ridge and follow it to the summit. There are several more technical routes to the summit which are mostly or more difficult.</p><br>
<h2>Flora</h2><br>
<p>The rare foxtail pine grows directly below Silliman&#39;s summit.</p><br>
<p>Abigail Vare School is a former school building located in the Pennsport neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located across from Dickinson Square Park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1903–1904, and is a three-story, square stone building in the Classical Revival-style. It features a central projecting pediment with Ionic order columns and decorative Palladian window, an oversized molded cornice, and a hipped and gable roof with decorative brackets. The school was named after Abigail Vare, the mother of the three Vare Brothers (including William Scott Vare), who became politicians and contractors.</p><br>
<p>The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>In December 2012 Superintendent William R. Hite Jr. presented a proposal that would close the George Washington School and move Abigail Vare School into Washingtons building. At the time Washingtons building was in a better condition compared to Vares, while the Vare school had an academic performance superior to that of Washingtons. In March 2013, the school district voted to close Washington. Abigail Vare School moved from its previous building to the former Washington building, and it is now known as Vare-Washington School.</p><br>
<p>After Washington-Vare moved to the former Washington school, the former Vare school remained vacant. The school district and the Philadelphia Industrial Development Corporation listed the Vare building for $2.5 million. Concordia Group, a company headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland, acquired the Vare building, along with Germantown High School and three other schools, for $6.8 million. The SRC voted on this sale in September 2014.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 Concordia Group announced that it wished to construct six townhouses next to the former Vare building and also convert Vare itself into 45 apartment units. The developer engaged in a community meeting with area residents, and it reduced the number of units to 41, in addition to reducing the amount of parking.</p><br>
<p>Orange Vale, also known as the Lawler-Whiting House, is a Greek Revival plantation house completed in 1854 near Talladega, Alabama. The house is principally associated with Levi Lawler, an Alabama state legislator. The house was the centerpiece of a 3,000 acre cotton plantation. It was principally used by Lawler during the summer. The house is a formal two-story frame structure with a hexastyle square-columned portico across the front, supporting a heavy paneled entablature. There is no pediment. The hipped roof is flanked by interior chimneys. Small flat-roofed one-story pavilions flank the house on either side and extend beyond the rear of the house.The rear has two-level porches across the width. The interior has a center-hall plan with the hall extending to the back porch. 108 acre remain of the original property, with seven other buildings.</p><br>
<p>Orange Vale was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1986.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington and Missouri River Railroad Passenger Station is a historic structure located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. The station was built by the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad in 1856. It is the oldest train depot in the upper Midwest that is still standing west of the Mississippi River.</p><br>
<p>The building served as a passenger station until 1868 when the railroad bridge over the Mississippi River was completed and a larger station in Burlington was required. Prior to that year a transfer ferry boat, the President, carried railroad cars and passengers across the river in warmer weather. Passengers would have to walk across the river ice in winter. The railroad continued to use the building for office space until 1884. In that year the frame, Italianate structure was moved from its Main and Market Streets location so the railroad tracks could be widened. After its use by the railroad it was converted into a residence. The structure that presently sits next door to this one is the old baggage building that was moved at the same time and converted for residential use. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>St. Andres Parish is a former parish of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Portland, located Biddeford, Maine. The parish was founded in 1860 to serve the citys large French-Canadian and French-American communities. On July 1, 2008, St. Andres was merged into the newly formed Good Shepherd Parish, made up of Saint Josephs Church in Biddeford, Saint Marys Church in Biddeford, Most Holy Trinity Church in Saco, Notre Dame Church in Saco, Saint Margarets Church in Old Orchard Beach, Saint Lukes in Old Orchard Beach, Saint Brendans in Biddeford Pool,and St. Phillips Church in Lyman. Of those 8 Churches, only Saint Joseph, Most Holy Trinity, Saint Margaret, and Saint Philip remain open.  The parish complex of four buildings, including the church, rectory, convent, and school, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015, at which time most of it stood vacant.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The buildings of St. Andres are located near the junction of Bacon and Sullivan Streets, south of Biddefords central business district. The parish property extends along most of a city block bounded by Bacon, Sullivan, and High Streets, ending short of properties that front on Water Street. The church, a Romanesque Revival brick structure completed in 1910 to a design by the Boston firm of Chickering & O&#39;Connell, stands at the corner of Bacon and High, with the rectory to its left, at the corner of Bacon and Sullivan. The rectory is a fine example of Second Empire architecture, although it is an extremely late example of this style, having been built in 1900. Arrayed on Sullivan Street behind the rectory are the Colonial Revival convent (built 1916 and enlarged in 1930), and the former school (built in the 1920s), with a large parking area occupying much of the remainder of the property.</p><br>
<p>St. Andres was founded as Biddefords third Catholic church, after St. Marys and St. Josephs. St. Marys was founded in 1855 to support a large immigrant Irish community, and St. Josephs was established in 1860 to support the growing French-Canadian immigrant population. The latter population continued to grow, and had by the 1890s outgrown its facilities. St. Andre&#39;s was founded in 1899, and was located in the heart of what was then a French Canadian neighborhood, with Rev. Louis Bergeron as its priest. The basement of the church was built in 1900, and services were held there until the church building was completed in 1910. The school operated until the early 1990s, and was converted into housing in 1998. The Church continued to serve the Good Shepherd Parish community until it was formally closed with a final mass on New Years Eve, 2010.</p><br>
<p>The Green River Crib Dam is a historic 19th-century dam on the Green River in western Guilford, Vermont. Built about 1811, it is a reminder of the modest industrial enterprises once conducted in the area using the water power it provided, and is one of the state&#39;s few surviving crib dams. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The dam is located in far western Guilford, upstream of the Green River Covered Bridge, which spans the Green River at the junction of Green River Road with Jacksonville Stage Road. The dam is about 110 ft long, with a maximum height of 10.5 ft, and spans the river in a semicircle open to the downstream side. The material of the dam mostly logs and rubble, with plank facing. The abutments of the dam are now a combination of stone and concrete, the wing wall on the east side extending downstream toward the bridge, where it formed part of the foundation of a now-destroyed mill.</p><br>
<p>The earliest recorded documentation of a dam on this site dates to 1811, when Jonah Cutting is known to have a paper and linseed oil mill operating at the site. Some of the materials of the present dam may well date to this period. By 1856 the mill is only documented as being used for paper production. In 1869 a major flood apparently damaged the mill beyond repair, and it may also have damaged the dam; it washed out the bridge then standing just downstream. In 1871 Henry Stowe erected a lumber and grist mill on the site, which operated until 1918, when it was destroyed by fire. The dam has since then been maintained by private owners, forming a picturesque part of the small Green River village and a reminder of its modest industrial past.</p><br>
<p>The Khosro Agha hammam was a historical hammam in Iran. It was located in the Sepah street in Isfahan and belonged to the Safavid era.</p><br>
<p>Its dressing room was changed to a store in 1975 and was damaged heavily, but then it was repaired. After a while, the extension of Ostandari street (Now: Hakim street) was decided, but because of passing of the street from the hammam, this project was canceled. In 1979, some of neighborhood residents rumored that vice and harlotry took place in the hammam and the hammam should be destroyed. Their motive for this rumor was that they wanted the new street to be constructed and consequently the costs of their estates to be increased. Finally in 1980 a bomb exploded in the hammam and only some columns remained from Garmkhaneh (hothouse).</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the supreme council of the city planning disapproved the construction of a new street because of the location of the hammam in the neighborhood. Finally on 12 April 1995 at 2 o&#39;clock in the midnight some unidentified people attacked the Khosro Agha hammam and after that they made the guard unconscious, they destroyed completely this historical structure and stole its unique stone trough.</p><br>
<p>The Frederick Hanger House is a historic house at 1010 Scott Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a two story wood frame structure, with complex massing and exterior typical of the Queen Anne style. It is topped by a gable-on-hip roof, from which numerous gables project, including two to the front, and has walls sheathed in clapboards and bands of decorative cut shingles. A porch extends across the front, supported by turned posts, with a balustrade of wooden circles joined by posts to each other and the supporting posts. It was built in 1889 for one of Little Rock&#39;s most prominent businessmen of the period, and is a particularly little-altered example of the Queen Anne style in the city.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Burlington, Cedar Rapids & Northern Freight House, also known as the Rock Island Freight House, is a historic building located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The freight house was built by the Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern Railroad (BCR&N) in 1898. It replaced a smaller brick freight house that had been built in 1873. The freight house is the only remaining structure from the BCR&N left in Burlington, and the only Victorian structure remaining on the riverfront. The railroads shops had been located further north in an area called "The Bototms." Its original passenger depot was located in a commercial building that was located at Jefferson and Front Streets. It moved into the CB&Qs Union Depot further south along the riverfront where the Amtrak station is now located. The BCR&N, with passenger and freight service between Minneapolis and St. Louis was considered the most important north-south rail</p><br>
<p>line in Iowa.</p><br>
<p>The freight house is a two-story brick structure with a single-story wing on the north side. Freight from the trains passed through the seven bays on the east side, while freight from wagons, and later trucks, passed through the seven bays on the west side. Freight from riverboats on the Mississippi River was also transferred onto trains at this facility.</p><br>
<p>Te Bahal  is the largest bahal in Kathmandu, Nepal. It is home to the famous deity Sankata, worshiped by both Hindus and Buddhists.</p><br>
<p>Unlike other Bahals of Kathmandu, Te Bahal has two dyochhes (house for gods) indicating the existence of two bahals which were later merged into one.</p><br>
<h2>Legend / History</h2><br>
<p>Wright’s chronicle credits the Licchavi king Narendradeva with the building of a baha here for his guru and setting up the shrine of Sankata. Narendradeva built a bihar near Lomri-devi, whom Bandhudatta Acharya had brought and placed there for the protection of the country. After naming it Tirtha, because the Acharya came from Tirtha, he gave it to the spiritual guide of his father. He had three sons, the eldest of whom was named Padma-deva, the second Ratna-deva, and the youngest Bar-deva. The Raja sent the eldest to become a bandya in the Pingala Bahal, where there were at one time six hundred bandyas. The second, he put under the guidance of Bandhudatta in the Tirtha Bihar. The third was appointed as Raja.</p><br>
<p>Bandhudatta placed Padmantaka (Sankata) in the Tirtha-bahal, and then brought ten Krodha-devatas, or avenging deities, from Kamuni, and also placed them there, along with Asta-pithas and Astasmashans. At the north-east corner of the Tirtha-Bahal he placed Mahakal, whom he brought from Bhot (Tibet). Having thus placed gods on all the ten sides, the Raja and Acharya lived happily. This attribution of the foundation to Narendradeva</p><br>
<p>may refer only to the Bandhudatta Baha. If it intends to indicate the foundation of Te Baha itself, it does not correspond to the evidence we have.</p><br>
<p>Coming to dated evidence, there are seven ‘Lichhavi’ chaityas within the compound of Te Baha and one outside. There are two Licchavi inscriptions at Te Baha. The first is near the main entrance. At the present time it serves as a pedestal for an image of Surya. The inscription dated in the year 402 (Saka Sambat A.D. 480-81), says that one Guha Mitra, a leader of a trading caravan, set up an image of Surya in this year. The second inscription located on the southern wall of the compound on the remains of a water spout is undated but on the basis of the epigraphy has been dated to the period between the two kings Amsuvarma and Narendradeva, i.e. A.D. 640-642. The inscription says that one Sakya by the name of Priyapala, invoking the Three Jewels, set up this water tap for the use of all living beings in order to obtain blessings for his parents. Neither of these inscriptions gives us any information about the present institution of Te Baha, but the second gives an indication of definite Buddhist connections by the middle of the seventh century A.D.</p><br>
<p>There is, however, an early medieval reference to this baha. There is a Vajracharya crown inscribed with the following verse. On Friday, the fifth of the bright half of Bhadrapada, Nepal Sambat 265 (i.e. A.D. 1145), (during the reign of) King Sri Narendradeva, (this) crown, beautified by the five Buddhas and decorated with gems was consecrated by Srimat Sivadeva. The craftsman was Bhiksu Bhaskara Gupta.The authenticity of this reference is confirmed by the fact that the reign of a kind by the name of Narendradeva from at least A.D. 1134-45 is confirmed by other sources, and the name Tedo Vihara is confirmed by other later reference, some of them within the baha complex. Besides giving us an early medieval date for this baha, the inscription has a number of interesting points. The Sanskrit name of the baha. The inscription has a number of interesting points. The Sanskrit name of the baha is usually given now as Rajakriti, which would indicate that it was founded by or in honour of a kind to the glory of the king. Local oral tradition usually says that the kind in question is Gunakamadeva. Ratna Kaji Vajracharya speculates that it was either Dharmadeva or Amsuverma, but it is clear form this inscription that a much earlier tradition attributed its foundation to Sivadeva. This is alsoone of the earliest dated reference to a Vajracharya in connection with a still existing foundation.</p><br>
<p>The next historical record is the inscription on the Surya image in the centre of the complex. It was erected in the year N.S. 582 and gives the name of the place as Tedo Vihara and the reigning king as Yaksa Malla. There is a palm leaf land deed recording the gift of a field or garden by Hrdaya Raj Bharo to Teja Thakali of Tedo Vahara in the year N.S. 583. In the year N.S. 640, during the reign of Ratna Malla another image of Surya was donated and thi inscription givens the first reference to the current Sanskrit name of the baha, Sri Rajakirti Mahabihara. An inscription at the Sankata shrine records repairs made in the year N.S. 836 during the reign of Mahindra (Bhaskara) Malla. The baha is referred to as Sri Rajakriti Mahabihara. Two manuscripts, one a copy of the Kalpasangraha, and the second a copy of the Jnansiddhi were copied in the year N.S. 948 by one Vajracharya Siddhinanda of Rajakirti Mahavihar in Kantipur.</p><br>
<p>Vedh Shala or Jantar Mantar is located in the holy city of New Ujjain. It is an observatory built by Maharaja Jai Singh II in 1725 which consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The observatory is one of the five observatories built by Maharaja Jai Singh II when he was governor of Ujjain.</p><br>
<p>Vedh Shala was constructed with the aim of measuring local time, altitude (of the place) and also to measure declination of the Sun, stars and planets and to determine eclipses. Motion, speed and properties of stars and planets were also recorded using several special instruments.</p><br>
<p>Jai Singh II was also an astronomer and had deep interest in science and astronomy. In early 18th century, he sent his scholars to several countries to study design, construction and technology of the observatories and also the prevalent technology. The scholars returned with their observations and many manuals on astronomy. Subsequently between 1724 and 1737, Jai Singh II had five observatories constructed in Jaipur, Mathura, New Delhi, Ujjain and in Varanasi.</p><br>
<p>Geographically, the city of Ujjain is considered the Greenwich of India due to the fact that the first meridian of longitude passes through it.</p><br>
<p>The Gorham Historic District encompasses the traditional central civic area of Gorham, Maine. Incorporated in 1764, the town center is composed of a small cluster of civic and commercial buildings at School and Main Streets, with some residential properties radiating away. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, the district abuts the Gorham Campus Historic District, the historic core of the campus of the University of Southern Maine.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Gorham is located northwest of Portland, Maine, inland from the coast of southern Maine. The towns early settlement began in the 1730s, but it did not grow significantly until the 1750s. By then, the area that is now the center had begun to take shape, with School Street (Maine State Route 114) running north-south, and Main Street (United States Route 202) running east-west, accompanied by a small grid of side streets. The only surviving 18th-century buildings in the town center are the First Congregational Church (1797), and a 1760s house that was moved into the center area in the 1830s. The remaining buildings were built mostly in the 19th century, in a variety of styles. The towns growth was influenced by the founding of Gorham Academy, which opened in 1806, and whose campus, located immediately northwest of the center, is now home to the University of Southern Maine. Most of the buildings in the district are residential houses built of wood; there are a few prominent brick commercial buildings located on School Street and at its junction with Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The district is roughly L-shaped, extending from the junction of School and Main north and west, including properties on the north side of Main Street between School and Academy Streets, on the south side of College Avenue between those two streets, and along School Street from Main to a point a short way north of Church Street. It covers about 25 acre, and includes 42 buildings, all of which are historically significant.</p><br>
<p>Lighthouse Reef is an atoll in the Caribbean Sea, the easternmost part of the Belize Barrier Reef and one of its three atolls, the other two being Turneffe Atoll and Glover&#39;s Reef. Lighthouse Reef is located about 80 km southeast of Belize City. The atoll is of oblong shape, approximately 35 km long from north to south, and about 8 km wide. It forms a shallow sandy lagoon with an area of 120 km&sup2; and a depth between 2 to 6 m deep.</p><br>
<p>The reef is one of the best developed and healthiest reefs in the Caribbean, "with an emergent fringing reef, sloping fore reef with a coral rimmed shelf edge, vertical coral walls, and numerous patch reefs in the shallow central lagoon."</p><br>
<p>There are several islands, listed here from north to south:</p><br>
<p>Sandbore Caye</p><br>
<p>Northern Caye</p><br>
<p>Half Moon Caye</p><br>
<p>Saddle Caye</p><br>
<p>Long Caye</p><br>
<p>Hat Caye</p><br>
<p>Lighthouse Reef is known as a snorkeling and diving destination, considered as one of the best dive sites in Belize and the whole Caribbean. Notable diving locations are Half Moon Caye Wall, Long Caye Aquarium ("The Aquarium"), Silver Caves, Tres Cocos, and West Point. In addition to these coral reefs, it is also home to the Great Blue Hole.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The flora on the reef islands is mostly coconut trees. On the western half of Half Moon Caye there is a rare surviving example of an atoll siricote (Cordia sebestena) forest, while there is natural vegetation on Sandbore Cay. Half Moon Caye is home to a rookery of magnificent frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), as well as a nesting colony of some 4000 red-footed booby (Sula sula). A colony of white-crowned pigeons (Columba leucocephala) formerly nested on Long Cay, but has been wiped out by overhunting.</p><br>
<p>The most dominant fish species at the reef are creole wrasse (Clepticus parrae) and blue chromis (Chromis cyanea). Other prevalent species are (in descending order of prevalence) blackcap basslet (Gramma melacara), bicolor damselfish (Pomacentrus partitus), brown chromis (Chromis multilineata), yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), bluehead wrasse (Thalassoma bifasciatum), royal gramma (Gramma loreto), masked goby (Coryphopterus personatus), and sunshine chromis (Chromis insolata).</p><br>
<p>Endangered and threatened animal species include American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), 3 species of sea turtles (hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata), loggerhead (Caretta caretta), and green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas)), the Belize endemic leaf-toed gecko (Phyllodactylus insularis), and the Allison&#39;s anole (Anolis allisoni).</p><br>
<h2>Environmental protection</h2><br>
<p>The reef has only partial environmental protection. The Great Blue Hole and Half Moon Caye have been designated as Natural Monuments and are UNESCO World Heritage Sites (as part of the Belize Barrier Reef Reserve System) since 1996. The protected areas are 4.14 km&sup2; and 39.25 km&sup2; in size respectively. Additionally, 3 more areas are National Protected Areas: Northern Two Cayes (a 3.75 km&sup2; Nassau Grouper & Species Protection site), Sandbore (a 5.18 km&sup2; Spawning Aggregation Site Reserve), and South Point (another 5.44 km&sup2; Spawning Aggregation Site Reserve). Despite the protection, the atoll suffers from human impact in the form of uncontrolled fishing and tourism.</p><br>
<p>The Skinny House in Mamaroneck, New York, was built in 1932 by African-American carpenter and building contractor Nathan Thomas Seely on an extremely narrow lot of donated land after he lost his home to foreclosure and his company to bankruptcy during the early years of the Great Depression. The 10 ft wide house has 3 stories and was built on a 12.5 ft wide plot of land sold to him by his neighbor, to whom he had earlier sold a larger plot of land. The house was constructed entirely from salvaged materials. The New York State Board for Historic Preservation noted “its efficient and beautiful design, careful engineering, and effective interior plan. Challenged by a narrow lot and minimal financial means, Seely created a house that demonstrated both his ingenuity and the desire to provide, above all else, housing for his family.” The Westchester County Historical Society said “its professional construction and ingenious design are a testimony to the dedication of a prominent black contractor to build a solid, functional, and delightful home. It represents both black enterprise and good neighborliness, and is architecturally significant as a symbol of American ingenuity and craftsmanship.”</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the mid-1910s, Nathan and Lillian Seely moved to the Washingtonville neighborhood of Mamaroneck, New York. The neighborhood was home to a community of first-generation immigrants predominantly Italian, and African-American families who moved to Westchester County as a result of the Great Migration.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 Nathan Seely and his brother Willard founded Seely Brothers Inc., a construction company that aimed to build for African-American clients. Seely hired Italian masons from the Washingtonville neighborhood, as well as African-American laborers for the company’s projects. Seely Brothers purchased 11 lots within the Washingtonville neighborhood and built several homes, including Nathan Seely’s own house, a seven-room house that he had designed and built in 1926 on Grand Street for his own family. The house “showcased many amenities considered very modern at the time,” according to the submission to the National Park Service, which oversees the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>During the Great Depression Seely lost both his house and his company. In 1931, his neighbor Panfilo Santangelo, an Italian immigrant and stonemason, gave Nathan a twelve-and-a-half-foot strip of land between the Santangelo home and the former Seely home for Seely to build upon. The land that Santangelo’s house sat upon had been previously purchased by him from Seely and ran between the two men’s houses, including the property Mr. Seely lost when the Depression began.</p><br>
<p>Mr. Seely died in 1962. Family members lived in the house until it was bought by the daughter of the man who originally gave the land to Seely, Ida Santangelo in 1968.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>With little money to purchase new building materials, Mr. Seely salvaged and recycled building materials including railroad ties, windows, banisters and even a chicken coop to incorporate into his house. Seely designed and constructed his family’s new home maximizing its utility by building a basement, two stories, and an attic. He also devised numerous built-ins and windows for natural lighting to give the impression of more interior space. He built the three ornate gables in the front facing facade, and added a ledge for flowerpots just under the second level window</p><br>
<p>The 10 ft wide by 39 ft long, 27 ft tall, hip roofed, wood shingled home is set on a 12.5 ft by 100 ft property. The house is positioned approximately 20 ft back from the modern set back line on which the surrounding homes are built in order to maximize light exposure, and it is visible from the New England Thruway, Interstate 95. The Skinny House is sheathed in red brown wood shingles unifying the facades that are punctuated with a variety of windows and doors, which are trimmed in white painted wood. The main hip roof, first floor gable roof with a modified dormer, and entry gable roofs are of asphalt shingles. There are cables on the sides of the home to anchor it to the ground. Two railroad ties serving as beams run through the cellar. The sewer pipe is supported by finished marble. The house was heated with coal stoves on each floor. Floor grates allow heat to rise to the bedrooms. In the cellar there remains one original pot-bellied stove, coal chute and pails. One brick chimney on the west side of the house supports all of the stoves. The interior is finely finished with plaster and hardwood floors and moldings and woodwork throughout.</p><br>
<p>The Grand Street home is one of a number of renowned “skinny houses” in the United States, including ones in Long Beach, California, Boston, Massachusetts and Deerfield, Illinois. In Amsterdam, the Netherlands, the "Smallest House in Amsterdam" at 22 Oude Hoogstraat is purported to be the narrowest house in Europe. That was constructed in 1733 and stands just 2.02 m wide. at only 133 cm at its widest point however it is too narrow to be considered a residence under Polish law so it is considered to be an art installation.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark status</h2><br>
<p>The house was designated by the local county historical society as a landmark in 1991 and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Seely’s great-granddaughter, Dr. Julie Seely, wrote a screenplay titled “Skinny House” in 2011.</p><br>
<p>Lagomarcino-Grupe Company, also known as Rand & Coolbaugh&#39;s Block, is a historic building located in the central business district of Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. It was included as a contributing property in the Downtown Commercial Historic District in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The three-story, brick commercial building was constructed in 1868 in the Renaissance Revival style. The main facade is 14 bays wide with a round arch window in each bay on the top two floors. Brick corbelling is located at the cornice level. The first floor was originally divided into four commercial spaces. Rand & Coolbaughs Block refers to the structures original owners. The buildings has had a variety of tenants including spirit&#39;s wholesalers, cigar manufacturing, ice cream saloon, haberdasher, dry goods, a printer, and a freight line. Hotel rooms for the Hotel Duncan across the alley were located on the upper floors for a time. The building has long been associated with the Lagomarcino-Grupe Company from 1892-1964. The wholesale fruit business was established in Burlington in 1875 and moved into the east half of the building in 1892. By 1907 they both owned and occupied the whole building. Lagomarcino-Grupe expanded to ten locations, but Burlington remained the main location. They also expanded into soda fountains and supplies, began manufacturing ice cream, and by the 1950s they were distributing Budweiser in Burlington. In 1964 they consolidated with the Benner Tea Company, and vacated this building two years later. Lagomarcino-Grupe sold the building to Benner in 1970, who then sold it to George Coffin the same year. The building has subsequently housed other businesses.</p><br>
<p>St Marys Guildhall is a major domestic complex, indicating the highest social status, built in the part of the medieval city of Lincoln, England known as Wigford. The Guildhall faces directly onto Lincoln High Street and stands to the north of Sibthorp Street. To the south is the late Saxon church of St Peter at Gowts. Stocker describes it as "the only survivor from the small group of the kings town houses which existed in several major towns….St Mary&#39;s Guildhall is a domestic complex on a palatial scale, indicating the highest social status, and as such is representative of a little known urban building type".</p><br>
<h2>History of the Guildhall</h2><br>
<p>It is now thought that the Guildhall was a built as a Royal palace of Henry II and completed by 1157, although there is no absolutely certain evidence that it was in Royal ownership before 1228. In 1251 the building was sold by Henry III’s butler, Michael de la Burne to the guild of St Mary of Lincoln. It remained in the ownership of the guild until 1547 when it passed into the ownership of the Lincoln City Council. Until 1614 it was leased to various tenants, but in that year it was leased to the recently established Lincoln Christ’s Hopital Blue Coat school. This lease continued until 1633, although the school had moved to a new site on the Christ’s Hopital Terrace, just below Lincoln Cathedral in 1623. Subsequent leases were to the Fawkes family who sub-let parts of the property. In 1815 it was leased to Coningsby Waldo Sibthorp, M.P. of Canwick Hall. and the lease shows that the northern part of the property was being used for malting. Following the Municipal Reform Act in 1835, his son Charles de Laet Sibthorp was able to purchase the Guildhall and the Paddock behind for £455 The paddock behind the buildings was used as the first home of Lincoln City Football Club between 1884 and 1895. Gradually the Lucas family of builders took over the leases for the property. The Maltings had been leased to the Brewing firm Warwicks and Richardsons, which ceased operations around 1913. The Sibthorp street estate was laid out in the 1890s and the two early houses of the west wing of the palace were demolished in 1896 to make way for the street. In 1930 the building was scheduled as an Ancient Monument. Following the death of Coningsby Charles Waldo Sibthorp in 1932 an appeal was launched to purchase the Guildhall, but in 1938 the City Council stepped in and purchased the Guildhall. The building continued to be occupied by Lucas’s as a builder’s yard until 1981, when it was leased by the Lincoln Civic Trust. Between 1981 and 1986 excavation and recording of the buildings took place and between 1984 and 1986 restoration followed. The Guildhall is now used as the offices of the Lincoln Civic Trust and as a church hall.</p><br>
<h3>Occupation on the site before the Building of the Guildhall</h3><br>
<p>Excavations in 1982 and 1983 found evidence of the Roman road known as Fosse Way under the frontage of the Guildhall and it appears to have been converging at this point with the Ermine Street. To the east of the Fosse way there were two Roman buildings of the 3rd Century A.D. with stone foundations and timber-framed structures. The Roman road showed marked rutting from carts. There was also evidence for Late Saxon structures and rubbish pits of 10-12th century date</p><br>
<h2>Was the St Mary Guildhall a Royal Palace of Henry II?</h2><br>
<p>The realisation that the St Mary Guildhall was not specifically built for the Great Guild of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and, that it was built at sometime previous to 1251/2, when it was acquired by the Guild, opens up the possibility that it had been a Royal Palace or hospicium, where and Henry II had a crown wearing or second crowning. This ceremony took place in 1157 on a visit to the city at Christmas. Henry II had a number of provincial palaces including those at Oxford, Gloucester, and Winchester. The existence of one in Lincoln is known from the chroniceler Roger of Hoveden Roger refers to a palace in the suburb of Wigford in Lincoln. Also in the same year Henry authorised the expenditure of £7/15/- on the repairs to the Hospicium and the expenditure of £30 on his retinue of huntsmen, squires and others who accompanied him there.</p><br>
<p>David Stocker has argued that by far the most likely building in Wigford to have been Henry’s Palace would have been the Guildhall. Architectural stone fragments from the building, particularly those with acanthus scrolls and volutes can be fairly closely dated to the period 1150-70 and this would fit in with the date of the building Guildhall. The mention of "repairs" (in reparatione) in 1157 was a term that often indicated the final expenses on completion of a building.</p><br>
<p>Stockers main case rests on the fact that the St Mary Guildhall was built on a much grander scale than the other Romanesque Houses in Lincoln, such as the Norman House, Jews House and the St Andrews Hall. He points out that the first floor great hall of the Guildhall with its arcaded decoration, measures 20m. by 6.5m, which makes it amongst the largest in a surviving building of the 12th century. Details of other Royal Halls are discussed in "The History of the Kings Works". However, the earlier ownership of Guildhall as constructed by Johnson does not fully fit this idea, even though the property was certainly owned by King Henry III. Johnson deduces that the property was originally owned by John de Holm (whose son, Adam was the first Mayor of Lincoln until 1216). John de Holm sold the Guildhall in 1228, via John le Marshall to King Henry. The King appears to have used the building for wine storage and then disposed of it to his butler, de la Burne in 1250, who almost immediately sold it to the Guild of St Mary in 1250/1. However, as there is some uncertainty about the property boundaries, and it may be that Henry III was adding a further property to the one he already owned, this does not necessarily rule out the idea that Guildhall was originally a Royal palace.</p><br>
<h3>Samuel Hieronymous Grimm and the recording of the Guildhall c1784</h3><br>
<p>One of the most useful sources of information for the history of the Guildhall are the ink-wash drawings of Samuel Hieronymous Grimm a Swiss artist who was extensively employed by the Dean of Lincoln, Sir Richard Kaye mainly to record architectural subjects. Many of these drawings are in the British Library but there are some of his drawings in the Usher Gallery. There are four drawings of the St Mary Guildhall, done about 1784. These include a view looking up the High Street with the Saxon Church of St Peter at Gowts in the foreground on the right and the St Mary’s Guildhall to the left. The stone house closest to the church with the chimney, together with the bay with the porch next to the Guildhall were demolished in 1896 to make way for Sibthorp Street. There is another view in the Usher Gallery which is looking at the Guildhall from the opposite direction and provides more information about the houses to the south which were demolished. Although these demolished houses contain Romanesque windows it is likely that they were rebuilt in the 17th century making use of earlier building material.</p><br>
<p>Grimm also provides a detailed drawing of the main entrance showing the orders of the arch studded with flowers and dogtooth ornament and two heads on the door jamb, one of which is a bishop. Above this is a running frieze with two heads above.</p><br>
<p>The survey work on the west front has shown that originally the Guildhall had a first floor hall that was lit with five Romanesque windows, similar to those on the St Andrews Hall on the opposite sied of the street. The frontage also had two tall chimney stacks. Grimm also drew the Norman House which stands on the north side of the courtyard behind the Guildhall. Although this building has two romanesque windows and a massive pilaster on the front, it is in all probability an early 17th rebuild from the time that the Christ’s Hospital Bluecoat School occupied the premises. The Romanesque windows appear to be very similar to those on the buildings that were demolished in 1896, and possibly would have come from the source. The Norman House and adjacent building were used in the later 18th and 19th century as a malting floor and barley store.</p><br>
<h3>Architectural History</h3><br>
<p>The exterior of the west range faces Lincoln High Street, The facade consists of five bays, has shallow buttresses,</p><br>
<p>chamfered plinth and band of Romanesque decoration with bird and beast masks to the</p><br>
<p>northern part. Nearly central to the limestone frontage is moulded carriageway arch with segmental pointed inner arch, flanked by single buttresses. Above it are two reset masks.</p><br>
<p>In the courtyard behind is a two storey building, 2 bays, known as the Norman House, with a shallow central buttress and a moulded first floor band. The lower south range of five bays, fronting Sibthorp Street, incorporates several reset 12th century fragments and is now the church Hall for St Peter’s at Gowts Church Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Hill, J.W.F., (1948), Medieval Lincoln, Cambridge University Press, pp163, 167, & 168.</p><br>
<p>Stocker, D.A., et al (1991).St Mary&#39;s Guildhall, Lincoln. The Survey and Excavation of a Medieval Building Complex C.B.A. /City of Lincoln Archaeology Unit:The Archaeology of Lincoln, VolXII-1.</p><br>
<p>Watkins, W, (1913). The buildings of St Mary Guild, Lincoln. Locally known as John O&#39;Gaunts Stables. Journal of the Royal Institute of British Architects, Vol. 20, 157-64.</p><br>
<p>The Tour Ronde  is a mountain in the Mont Blanc massif of the Alps, situated on the border between France and Italy. It is a prominent mountain, some 3.5 km north-east of Mont Blanc, but is effectively part of a continuation of the south eastern spur of Mont Maudit  which forms a frontier ridge between the two countries. It is easily accessible to mountaineers and provides not only a very good viewpoint from its summit of the Brenva face and the major peaks on the southern side of Mont Blanc, but it also offers a popular introduction to alpine climbing of all grades, including a north face ascent.</p><br>
<h2>First Ascents</h2><br>
<p>First ascent by J.Backhouse, T. Carson, Douglas Freshfield and C. Tucker with Daniel Balleys and Michel Payot, 22 July 1867.</p><br>
<p>First ascent of the North face was by F. Gonella and A. Berthod on 23 August 1886.</p><br>
<p>First winter ascent: U. Mautino with J. Petigax and C. Croux, c.1895</p><br>
<h2>Viewpoint</h2><br>
<p>The relatively isolated but easily accessible summit of the Tour Ronde has a reputation for providing mountaineers with one of the finest viewpoints within the Mont Blanc range, and offers an ideal place for observing the sun rising on Mont Blanc itself. To the north it offers extensive views over the wide and heavily crevassed Glacier du Géant and the Vallée Blanche towards the Aiguille du Midi, whilst looking westwards it provides very extensive views towards Mont Maudit and the full sweep of the Brenva Face of Mont Blanc and the Peuterey Ridge.</p><br>
<p>Writing about the first ascensionist&#39;s impression of the view from the summit of the Tour Ronde, one author quoted Douglas Freshfield in volume 6 of The Alpine Journal (1874), thus:</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Tour Ronde can be most easily reached within about 1.5 hours from the Torino Hut near Pointe Helbronner, where mountaineers spend the night before leaving, usually well before dawn, to ascend the summit early the next day. Alternate and longer routes can be made from the Refuge des Cosmiques at the Col du Midi via a passage across the head of the Vallee Blanche and the Glacier du Geant (or from Chamonix via the Aiguille du Midi and the Vallée Blanche Aerial Tramway). Pointe Helbronner can also be reached from the Italian side on foot or via cablecar from Courmayeur. Other even longer start or finish points include the Requin Hut above Montenvers, reached by a long but impressive glacier trek.</p><br>
<h2>Routes</h2><br>
<p>The mountain provides many routes of ascent, and of varying difficulty and danger, as well as opportunities for possible new routes of mixed climbing.</p><br>
<p>Classic mountaineering routes on the Tour Ronde include:</p><br>
<p>South-east Ridge: One of two normal (i.e. easy) routes of ascent from the Torino Hut, offering a good introduction to alpine mountaineering at an easy grade of PD to PD+.</p><br>
<p>East Face: Very popular route of ascent, especially when snow conditions are good earlier in the season.PD to PD+</p><br>
<p>North Face: A well-established and classic route, very popular amongst mountaineers as a good introduction to alpine north-face climbing. Graded at AD+ to D-, dependent upon conditions, the route has an average angle of around 52° and the summit takes around 4 hours or more to reach from the Torino Hut. The route&#39;s difficulties are being mainly in overcoming the initial bergschrund and the moving from the lower to the upper ice field. By keeping to the right hand side of the slope climbers are able to utilise rock belays for much of the climb. Dangers involve rock and ice fall, and an early start is necessary to ensure good snow conditions as the face does get exposed to the sun later in the day.</p><br>
<p>North Couloir: An alternate and steeper route with an angle around 60° which is sometimes used by competent parties when the more popular North face is overcrowded.</p><br>
<p>Gervasutti Couloir: A popular, classic snow-ice couloir at an angle of just less than 50°. When in good condition, this route, graded at AD, does get used in descent, both by climbers and by skiers. First climbed by G. Gervasutti and R.Chabod on 27 July 1934. (pictured)</p><br>
<p>Couloir Rebuffat. Narrow ice-couloir, D+</p><br>
<p>North-east Ridge Direct.</p><br>
<p>Other new mixed climbing ascents routes have also been achieved in recent years although, because of the mountain&#39;s popularity and accessibility, it can be difficult to determine whether the routes are actually new or not.</p><br>
<h2>Events and incidents</h2><br>
<p>1971 July 20. First descent on skis of North Face, by Patrick Vallençant.</p><br>
<p>1979 July 18. Accident occurred killing 8 climbers and injuring 4. Amongst the dead were four climbers from The RAE climbing club in Farnborough, Hampshire, including John A Williams and Chris Hassell. Christopher Marsh, who slipped and fell whilst the climbers were descending, was initially put on trial for causing the accident. However, all charges were subsequently dropped by the Annecy courts.</p><br>
<p>1997 The six-year-old son of a British climber, Gerry Hedley, successfully sued a mountain guide, David Cuthbertson, for negligence after a fatal accident that took place seven years previously in July 1990 during an ascent of the north face. He was awarded £150,000 of damages by the High Court after the judge concluded that use of a single ice screw during the roped ascent had not been sufficient to protect the client when the guide fell when a slab of snow or ice broke away beneath him, pulling them both down the face. The guide was injured and the client was killed in the fall. The guide&#39;s professional association later vindicated Cuthbertson; this case is often used as an example and discussed in detail in legal textbooks dealing with tort law and sports education.</p><br>
<p>2009 May 29. Olympic Champion snowboarder and aspirant mountain guide Karine Ruby was killed at age 31 whilst leading a descent of the Tour Ronde. Ruby fell into a 70 ft in the Glacier du Geant, dragging in two other members of the roped climbing party, one of whom was killed and the other sustained serious injuries and was evacuated by helicopter.</p><br>
<p>2015 January. A British skier died in a fall after a losing a ski during a descent of the North Face.</p><br>
<h2>Climate change, permafrost and rockfall</h2><br>
<p>In 2005 the Tour Ronde became the first high mountain ever to be subject to extremely detailed laser-scanning and monitoring. Amid growing concern in recent decades that climate change had been increasing the incidence of severe rock-fall and loss of permafrost at high altitude, a study was launched to monitor potentially unstable rock faces and to assess changes over time.</p><br>
<p>Previous techniques had used aerial photography and digital elevation modelling (DEM), but were deemed not to be sufficiently accurate to monitor change because of the vertical viewpoint and shadowing effects, plus the general coarse nature of their results.</p><br>
<p>By 2005 the newly-evolving technique of Light Detection and Ranging, known as LiDAR, permitted highly detailed laser scanning of high mountain rock faces, measuring many thousands of separate points every second, and from a distance of up to 800 metres. An EU Interreg–funded project was established to undertake research. Known as PERMAdataROC, its aims were to "improve our understanding of the relationship between permafrost degradation and slope instabilities by quantifying the occurrence and magnitude of rock falls from high-mountain rock walls". Seven sites in the Mont Blanc Massif were selected, with the east face of the Tour Ronde being the first to be analysed. Measurements were taken in July 2005 and again in July 2006.</p><br>
<p>An area of the east face of 67,400 m² was laser-scanned, creating 22 overlapping computer images, with measurements accurate to between 3 and 5 cm. Careful computer analysis revealed that in the twelve-month period between scans, the measured area had lost 536 m³ of rock. This is comparable to an erosion rate across the entire measured area of the face of 8.4 mm per year – a figure significantly greater than those found in rock walls of high-altitude permafrost in Switzerland and Greenland. The project concluded that the higher rock fall rate exhibited on the Tour Ronde and elsewhere in the Mont Blanc massif was linked to the degradation in permafrost which would have held the mountain together more effectively, but which now exposed it to greater weathering through the freeze-thaw cycle of water, with maximum occurrence during warm summers.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 a huge rockfall on the Tour Ronde&#39;s east face was captured on film by climbers, demonstrating that instability in this mountain area remains at a significant level.</p><br>
<h2>Mountain views and routes</h2><br>
<p>Schramm Building, also known as Jochims Building, is a historic building located in the central business district of Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It was included as a contributing property in the Downtown Commercial Historic District in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The brick commercial building was constructed in 1878 in a Late Victorian Gothic Revival style. It is a three-story structure for the front 68 ft and then two-story from that point to the rear of the building. An ornamental cornice tops the facade, and each of the front windows feature ornamental trim. The building next door (214 Jefferson Street) has a twin facade to this building. This building housed the first dry-goods millinery store in Burlington. A mesh concrete veneer was placed over the facade in the late 1950s. The storefront on the main level was altered in the 1960s. In the 1970s it was part of a complex of six buildings that housed the J.S. Schramm Department Store. The building was extensively renovated in 1995. The facade was restored, and the second floor was renovated to create an apartment.</p><br>
<p>The Grafton Village Historic District encompasses the historic village center of the town of Grafton, Vermont. The village was developed in the early-to-mid 19th century, and has retained the character of that period better than many small communities in the state. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Grafton was first chartered in 1754, but only began to see permanent settlement in the late 1770s, in the towns Middletown section. Grafton Village developed around the confluence of two branches of the Saxtons River, a tributary of the Connecticut River. The first house, a brick structure built about 1795 by Enos Lovell, still stands in the village, and was followed by mills and mill dams on the two rivers, of which only traces now survive. The network of major roads radiating from this area began to take shape then as well. Early development was focused in the area around Kidder Hill Road, while in the second quarter of the 19th century the village center gradually migrated northward, anchored by the construction of the Congregational Church in 1834 and the relocation of its post office in 1841 into what is now the town hall. Graftons building and economic good times ended about 1870, with little new development taking place until the 20th century, when tourism provided a significant boost to the economy. This boost was accompanied by a strong preservationist drive, resulting in the maintenance of the village&#39;s 19th century character.</p><br>
<p>The historic district encompasses essentially the entire developed area of Grafton village. Its rough southern and northeastern boundaries are the two branches of the Saxtons River, extending east of the north branch along Chester Road and Route 121 East, and extending a short way westward along Houghtonville, Middletown, and Hinckley Brook Roads. Many of the buildings in the village are Federal and Greek Revival in character, or are in 20th-century revival styles that are sympathetic. Most are wood frame structures between 1 and three stories in height, although there are a variety of brick buildings as well. A number of buildings have Italianate and later Victorian style. Very few of the historic buildings have been altered in unsympathetic ways, such as the application of synthetic siding or the installation of vinyl windows. The streetscape is also devoid of significant modern intrusions such as utility poles.</p><br>
<p>Six properties in the district are individually listed on the National Register. The Kidder Covered Bridge is the town&#39;s only surviving covered bridge, and the Butterfield House (now the library) and the Milldean and Alexander-Davis House are two architecturally significant houses. The Grafton Congregational Church and Chapel, former Grafton Post Office, and Grafton District Schoolhouse No. 2, are all significant for their civic history as well as architecture.</p><br>
